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— Nations are already using AI for climate objectives, from mapping the carbon absorption capacity of forests in Indonesia to providing communities in Malawi with flood warnings fifteen days in advance, enabling them to evacuate. The UN Climate Technology Mechanism has this year created a dedicated Initiative on Artificial Intelligence for Climate Action (AI4ClimateAction).
— Most mentions of food systems removed in the second set of GST "building blocks", released on 5 December. Getting food back into the final text took a "true push" from both civil society and governments, WWF said.
— The finalized text calls only for accelerating efforts to "phase down" the use of unabated coal power, to "[transition] away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner," and to accelerate action toward that transition "in this critical decade."
The new COP28 agreement also calls for "accelerating and substantially reducing non-carbon-dioxide emissions globally, including in particular methane emissions by 2030," and for speeding the reduction of emissions from road transport, as well as "phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that do not address energy poverty or just transitions, as soon as possible."
— John Kerry said the document should be seen as a significant achievement, given the challenge of trying to win consensus among 200 parties. "For the first time in the history of our regime, the decision supported by all nations of the world calls for transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, so as to achieve net zero by 2050," Kerry said. "That is clear," he said, even if it is not as strong as many would have liked.
— It says that "transitional fuels can play a role" in the energy transition, which fossil fuel companies will interpret as meaning that it's okay to keep drilling and burning natural gas. "Natural" gas is a major problem for the climate in part because methane, its main component, traps around 80 times more heat in the atmosphere than CO2 over the short term.
It seems to leave room for subsidies if they're helping consumers who don't have reliable access to energy—even though those energy needs can also be met with clean sources.)
The text about transitioning from fossil fuels also only references energy systems, ignoring agriculture and plastic production, which also use massive amounts of fossil fuels. It acknowledges the need for funding to help poorer countries decarbonize, but lacks a concrete plan.
"With every vague verb, every empty promise in the final text, millions more people will enter the frontline of climate change, and many will die," climate scientist Friederike Otto, cofounder of the World Weather Attribution group, said in a statement.
— "For the first time in three decades of climate negotiations, the words 'fossil fuels' have made it into a COP outcome," said Mohamed Adow, director of Power Shift Africa.
"There's no question the text falls short of what science tells us is required to mitigate the existential risk climate change poses to us," said Katherine Hayhoe, the Nature Conservancy's chief scientist.
the COP28 agreement offers a menu of options for countries to pursue. These include tripling renewable energy capacity globally by 2030; "accelerating efforts" toward elimination of coal power; accelerating the use of other zero- or low-carbon tech like nuclear power as well as carbon capture and green hydrogen; and reducing other greenhouse gas emissions like methane.
— The wins:
— The losses:
— The global deal, approved without comments, calls for transitioning away from fossil fuels but falls short of seeking a phase-out. Critics argue that the deal contains loopholes allowing for the continued expansion of fossil fuels, including natural gas.
— Chief among the report's recommendations is a rapid phase-out of greenhouse gas emissions from human land use and the burning of fossil fuels. Other tipping points could also be triggered at 1.5 degrees of warming, including unstoppable ice loss in West Antarctica; rampant thawing of permafrost; widespread coral die-offs; and the collapse of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, a circular ocean current that helps distribute heat through parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Countries should strengthen global frameworks for adapting to unstoppable climate impacts and financially supporting the world's most vulnerable populations, the report recommends. It also urges nations to feature tipping points more prominently in their commitments under the Paris climate agreement, factoring the dangers into their carbon-cutting pledges and their assessments of global progress on climate change.
Nations should also invest more resources into the scientific research on the Earth's tipping points, the report adds. And world leaders should organize a global summit devoted to the subject to share knowledge and manage the risks.
— The hottest years of the decade were 2016 and 2020 while the six hottest years taken together on record were between 2015 and 2020.
— The first-ever faith pavilion at a COP was inaugurated. Pope and Grand-Imam sent messages.
— In 2021 Russia left out greenhouse gases equivalent to 1.5 billion tons of CO2 and the United States missed 400 million tons, much of it driven by CO2 emissions from oil and gas operations. Overall that year, among wealthy nations required to report to the U.N., Climate Trace estimates 3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent gases went unreported — some 5% of total global emissions.
— The UAE last estimated emissions of 225 million tons in 2019, but Climate Trace found at least 354 million tons for that year.
For Gore, Climate Trace fulfills a dream he laid out in a 1998 speech at the California Science Center, when he called for a "digital Earth".
— Research from the Energy Institute found that 82% of the world's energy consumption came from dirty energy sources in 2022, leading to a 0.8% rise in planet-warming gases expelled into the atmosphere.
— Whether the host really matters, a fight over the agenda, the global stocktake, phasing down (or out) fossil fuels.
— "A 2 C temperature rise equates to a billion prematurely dead people over the next century. Direct mortal effects of climate change include heat waves, which have already caused thousands of human deaths by a combination of heat and humidity and even threaten babies. Intermediate causes of death involve crop failures, droughts, flooding, extreme weather, wildfires and rising seas. Crop failures, in particular, can make global hunger and starvation worse. More frequent and severe droughts can lead to more wildfires that also cause human deaths, as we saw in Hawaii. Droughts can also lead to contaminated water, more frequent disease and deaths from dehydration."
On the other hand, climate change can also cause flooding (and crop failures from too much water), which also drives hunger and disease. Climate change drives sea level rise and the resultant submersion of low-lying coastal areas and storm surges exacerbate flood risks, which are life-threatening for billions of people in coastal cities who face the prospect of forced migration.
Climate change also increases extreme weather events, which kill and cause considerable damage to essential services such as the electric grid and medical facilities. Salt water intrusion also threatens coastal agriculture, further reducing food supplies.
Finally, climate change also indirectly increases the probability of conflict and war. Although the academic consensus on climate-change-induced war is far from settled, there is little doubt climate change amplifies stress and can cause more localized conflict.
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